Food allergies may seem overwhelming, but knowing the basics can empower you to make safe, informed choices for yourself or others. Whether you’re navigating dining options on campus or supporting a friend, this guide simplifies what you need to know about food allergies, how they differ from food intolerances, and how to stay allergy aware.
Food allergies vs Food intolerances: What’s the difference?
A food allergy occurs when your immune system mistakenly flags a certain food as harmful, triggering symptoms that range from mild (like itching or hives) to severe (such as difficulty breathing).
On the other hand, food intolerances don’t involve the immune system. They typically cause digestive discomfort and may result from:
- Enzyme deficiencies: For example, lactose intolerance stems from the lack of lactase, the enzyme needed to digest milk.
- Digestive disorder: Conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can make certain foods hard to tolerate.
- Sensitivity to food additives: Some people react to preservatives or flavour enhancers.
- Toxins in food: Certain natural or artificial compounds in foods can cause adverse reactions.
Understanding this difference is key to managing symptoms effectively.
Common food allergens
Some foods are more likely to cause allergic reactions than others. These include:
- Peanuts and tree nuts: Found in snacks, desserts, and sauces like satay
- Shellfish: Includes prawns, crabs, and lobsters
- Dairy: Milk, cheese, and yogurt, which are often used in baked goods
- Eggs: Common in breakfast dishes, sauces, and desserts
- Wheat: Present in bread, pasta, and other gluten-containing baked goods
These food account for roughly 90% of all food allergies, but it’s possible to be allergic to any food.
What happens during an allergic reaction?
When someone with a food allergy consumes an allergen, their immune system releases substances like histamine to fight off what it perceives as a threat. This can lead to:
- Skin reactions: hives, rashes, itching or swelling
- Digestive issues: nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
- Respiratory problems: wheezing or shortness of breath
- Severe cases: Anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical attention
Food allergy symptoms typically appear within two hours of eating. Acting quickly and appropriately is crucial to managing reactions.
Staying safe: How to be allergy aware
Being allergy aware is key for managing your own allergies or supporting others: Here’s how you can stay safe:
- Read ingredient labels: check for hidden allergens in packaged foods
- Communicate when dining out: Let restaurant staff know about your allergies
- Carry necessary medications: Keep prescribed antihistamines or an epinephrine auto-injector with you.
If you experience a mild allergic reaction, antihistamines or those available without a prescription may help reduce symptoms. However, for severe reactions, seek emergency medical help immediately.
Thriving with food allergies
With a little preparation and awareness, managing food allergies doesn’t have to be stressful. By understanding your triggers, reading labels, and being proactive, you can safely enjoy a wide variety of meals while minimising risks.
Written by Dr Yong Heng Yaw, School of Health Sciences, IMU University
