September 17, 2020 Associate Professor Dr Pathiyil Ravi Shankar
Associate Professor Dr Pathiyil Ravi Shankar
Qualification
MBBS
MD
FAIMER Fellow in Health Professions Education
Designation
Associate Professor, IMU Centre for Education
TLM Global Counterspace Program
ORCID Research Advisory Council
World Association of Medical Editors
Academic Editor PLoS One
Editorial Board Member Journal of Asthma and Allergy
Editorial Board Member BMC Medical Education
Areas of Expertise
Small Group Learning Facilitation
Health Humanities
Understanding & Responding to a Pharmaceutical Promotion
Quality Assurance and Accreditation
Curriculum Development & Evaluation
Educational Research.
Email
[email protected]
Orcid ID
Involvement in Conference/Symposium/Faculty Development Activities
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Facilitated a workshop on the Medical Humanities at Sri Devraj Urs University, Kolar, India on 10th and 11th January 2020.
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Facilitated a workshop on the Medical Humanities at International Medical School, Bengalauru, India on 13th January 2020.
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Gave a presentation on the Medical/Health Humanities at Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India on 3rd February 2020 and provided critical inputs toward the development of the Centre for Health Humanities at the University.
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Gave a presentation on the Medical Humanities as an invited resource person for faculty and students separately at the Jubilee Mission Medical College, Thrissur on 4th February 2020.
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Facilitated a session on Assessment of attitudes in Undergraduate medical education for faculty members at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry on 11th February 2020.
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Facilitated sessions on Medical Humanities for undergraduate medical students at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry on 10th and 11th February 2020.
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Facilitated a session on Assessment of attitudes in Undergraduate medical education for faculty members at Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College, Pondicherry on 12th February 2020.
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Facilitated a workshop on the Health Humanities at Saveetha University, Chennai during 17th and 18th February 2020
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Gave an invited talk on the Medical Humanities at Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry on 15th February 2020 during the National Teachers Training Program.
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Facilitated a session on Assessment of attitudes in Undergraduate medical education for faculty members at Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry on 13th February 2020.
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Facilitated a session on Medical Humanities for undergraduate medical students at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry on 12th February 2020.
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2nd September 2021 Facilitated a preconference workshop on Exploring the medical student perspective through the medical humanities with Dr Sheba D Mani at Meducon-21 organized by NTTC alumni association and JIPMER, Puducherry, India.
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2nd September 2021 Facilitated a preconference workshop on Publishing and promoting your medical education manuscript with Dr Wilson and Dr Subish at Meducon-21 organized by NTTC alumni association and JIPMER, Puducherry, India.
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3rd October 2021. Presented on role of reviewer and peer review process. At an international webinar with theme "Research and Communications in Pharmacovigilance".
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20th October 2021. Judging: Top 5 iLRF Inovasi Competition [Live Presentation Invitation].
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22nd October 2021. Presented on Medical humanities: A journey along the road less traveled during FAIMER 20th anniversary celebrations.
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22nd October 2021. Presented on Medical humanities: A journey along the road less traveled during FAIMER 20th anniversary celebrations.
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20th November 2021. Presented on The billion-dollar quest for fairness in South and Southeast Asia during the First International Conference on Dermal Sciences organized by University of Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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5th February 2022. Presented on Proposal writing and data analysis during an online session organized by the Rotaract Club of KIST Medical College, Nepal.
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5th March 2022. Presented on Research from inception to publication at Jaipur National University, India.
Publications in Health Professions Education
Shankar, P. R., Palaian, S., Vannal, V., & Sreeramareddy, C. T. (2021). Non-Pharmacological Infection Prevention and Control Interventions in COVID-19: What Does the Current Evidence Say? International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_604_20
Shankar, P. R. (2022). Online Learning During and After the Pandemic. Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 11(4), 139. https://doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.540
Shankar, P. R., & Jha, N. (2021). Sources of Key Evidences for COVID-19 Pandemic. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(1), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v3i1.188
Shankar, P. R., & Sreeramareddy, C. T. (2021). Stay Home, Stay Safe? Challenges in Resource Limited Settings. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(2), 127–128. https://doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v3i2.369
Kafle, S., Jha, N., & Pathyil, R. S. (2021). Mean Knowledge Score of Self-Medication among First and Second Year Medical and Dental Students in a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 59(243), 1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.6443
Jha, N., Palaian, S., Shankar, P. R., Santosh, K. C., & Kshetry, P. B. (2021). Situation Analysis of the Pharmacovigilance System in Nepal Using the Indicator-based Pharmacovigilance Assessment Tool (IPAT). Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 12(4), 485–491. https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmab054
Jha, N., Palaian, S., Shankar, P. R., & Dangal, G. (2021). Pharmacovigilance of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Context of Nepal: An Assessment Based on Early Adverse Drug Reaction Reports. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 12(4), 591–593. https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmab016
Kafle, S., Jha, N., Sapkota, Y., & Shankar, P. R. (2022). Knowledge of Community Pharmacists in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal About the Risks Associated with Medication Use During Pregnancy. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 33(3), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.3233/jrs-210026
Shankar, P. R. (2021). Medical Humanities in the Nepalese Context. Nepal Health Research Council. https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v19i2.3339
Kc, B., Shrestha, R., Leggat, P. A., Shankar, P. R., & Shrestha, S. (2021). Safety of Air Travel During the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 43, 102103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102103
Shankar, P. R., & Alshakka, M. (2021). A Guide to the Scientific Career: Virtues, Communication, Research, and Academic Writing Edited by Mohammadali M. Shoja, Anastasia Arynchyna, Marios Loukas, Anthony V. D’Antoni, Sandra M. Buerger, Marion Karl, and R. Shane Tubbs Wiley Blackwell, 2020, 742 pp. ISBN: 9781118907429. World Medical & Health Policy, 13(3), 609–610. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.461
Shankar, P. R. (2021). Recognizing and Rewarding Peer-reviewers. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v3i2.353
Shankar, P. R., Dhakal, A. K., Piryani, R. M., Shrestha, D., & Dwa, Y. P. (2021). Influence of Sparshanam, A Medical Humanities Module on Personal and Professional Development. South-East Asian Journal of Medical Education, 15(0), 9. https://doi.org/10.4038/seajme.v15i0.301
Venkateswaran, S. P., Agarwal, R., Ismail, N. M., Hidayah, N., Wilson, I. G., Shankar, P. R., & Nadarajah, V. D. (2021). Utility of Online Clinical Teaching: An Analysis of Feedback from Students. South-East Asian Journal of Medical Education, 15(0), 28. https://doi.org/10.4038/seajme.v15i0.319
Shah, R., Mishra, S. K., Jha, N., Shankar, P. R., Bhandary, S., Kunwar, M. B., & Baral, P. (2021). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Coronavirus Disease Among Patients Visiting Eye Hospitals of Province Number 2, Nepal. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 33(5), 608–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395211014647
Danekhu, K., Shrestha, S., Aryal, S., & Shankar, P. R. (2019). Health-care Professionals’ Knowledge and Perception of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Pharmacovigilance in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Nepal. Hospital Pharmacy, 56(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018578719883796
Alam, K., Palaian, S., Shankar, P. R., & Jha, N. (2021). General Public’s Knowledge and Practices on Face Mask Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Exploratory Survey from Dharan, Nepal. F1000Research, 10, 376. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52661.1
Palaian, S., Ibrahim, M. I. M., Mishra, P., & Shankar, P. R. (2021). Assessment of a Pharmacovigilance Module: An Interventional Study on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pharmacy Students. Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences, 13(2), 248. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_528_20
Shankar, P. R. (2021). Extended Reality in Educating the Next Generation of Health Professionals. Education in Medicine Journal, 13(1), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2021.13.1.8
Wilson, I., & Shankar, P. R. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Undergraduate Medical Student Teaching/Learning and Assessment. MedEdPublish, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2021.000044.1
Shankar, P. R., & Wilson, I. G. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Undergraduate Medical Student Teaching-learning and Assessment. Canadian Medical Education Journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.70800
Shankar, P. R., Dhakal, A. K., Piryani, R. M., Shrestha, D., & Dwa, Y. P. (2021). Influence of Sparshanam, A Medical Humanities Module and Personal and Professional Development – Perspectives of the First Batch of Medical Graduates. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-164290/v1
Shankar, P. R. (2021, May 7). My internship “sans” residents. https://www.rhime.in/ojs/index.php/rhime/article/view/462
ISPE Annual Meeting abstracts. (2021). Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 30(S1), 3–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5305
Paudel, S., Palaian, S., Shankar, P. R., & Subedi, N. (2021). Risk Perception and Hesitancy Toward COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers and Staff at a Medical College in Nepal. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Volume 14, 2253–2261. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s310289
Jha, N., Shankar, P. R., & Palaian, S. (2021). Knowledge and Practice on Ecopharmacovigilance and Medicine Storage Amongst Medical and Dental Students in Lalitpur, Nepal. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Volume 14, 793–802. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s291025
Shankar, P. R., Palaian, S., & Gulam, S. M. (2021). Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine in Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19: What Is Known? Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences, 13(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_404_20
Shankar, P. R., Dwivedi, N. R., Balasubramanium, R., Nandy, A., Dakubo, G., & Barton, B. (2021). Student Attitude Towards Integrative Medicine in a Caribbean Medical School. Manipal Journal of Medical Sciences, 1(1), 14–20. https://impressions.manipal.edu/mjms/vol1/iss1/4/
Shankar, P. R. (2020). Using ‘Stories’ in Nepalese Medical Schools. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v8i2.33970
Shrestha, S., Jha, N., Palaian, S., & Shankar, P. R. (2020). Knowledge, Awareness and Preparedness Regarding Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Among Community Pharmacy Practitioners Working in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Pilot Study. SAGE Open Medicine, 8, 205031212097451. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312120974513
Jha, N., Shankar, P. R., & Bhandary, S. (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Immediately before and following a 3-day Workshop on ‘Strategies for Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance and Promoting Rational use of Antimicrobials’. Hamdan Medical Journal, 13(4), 208. https://doi.org/10.4103/hmj.hmj_55_20
ICPE All Access Conference Abstracts. (2020). Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 29(S3), 3–634. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5114
Jha, N., Shrestha, S., Shankar, P. R., Khadka, A., Ansari, M., & Sapkota, B. (2020). Antibiotic Dispensing Practices at Community Pharmacies in Kathmandu and Lalitpur Districts of Nepal. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 13(4), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijopp.13.4.57
Jha, N., Shrestha, S., Shankar, P. R., & Bhandary, S. (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice About Antibiotic Use, Self-Medication And Antibiotic Resistance Among Final Year Medical Students And Interns At A Medical College In Lalitpur, Nepal. Journal of Chitwan Medical College, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.224
Shankar, P. R. (2020). Book Review: Drug Safety in Developing Countries: Achievements and Challenges. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 16(9), 1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.009
Jha, N., Singh, N. B., Bajracharya, O., Manandhar, T., Devkota, P., Kafle, S., & Shankar, P. R. (2021). Knowledge About the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students in Lalitpur, Nepal. Medicine and Pharmacy Reports, 94(4), 440–448. https://doi.org/10.15386/mpr-1928
Wilson, I., & Shankar, P. R. (2020). Where Is an Experienced Medical Educator When You Need One? MedEdPublish, 9, 161. https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2020.000161.1
Shankar, P. R. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: A Virus That is Shaking the World. Journal of KIST Medical College, 2(4), 64–66. https://jkistmc.org.np/jkistmc/index.php/JKISTMC/article/view/90
Piryani, R. M., Piryani, S., Piryani, S., Shankar, P. R., & Shakya, D. R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Education: Challenges and Opportunities for Medical educators in South Asia. Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 3(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v3i1.30318
Jha, N., Shankar, P. R., & Bhandary, S. (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Immediately Before and Following a Three-day Workshop on ‘Strategies for Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance and Promoting Rational Use of Antimicrobials.’ Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-43623/v1
Alshakka, M., Mohamed Ibrahim, M. I., Bahattab, A., Badulla, W. F. S., & Shankar, P. R. (2020). An Insight into the Pharmaceutical Sector in Yemen During Conflict: Challenges and Recommendations. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 36(3), 232–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2020.1794287
Al-Abd, N., Alshakka, M., Alshotari, S., Shankar, P. R., & Ibrahim, M. I. M. (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Rubella Infection Among Preparatory Year Students: A Preliminary Exploratory Study in Aden, Yemen. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 14(5), LC01–LC05. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2020/44077.13681
Vannala, V., Palaian, S., & Shankar, P. R. (2020). Therapeutic Dimensions of Bisphosphonates: A Clinical update. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11(10), 166. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_33_19
Jha, N., Sapkota, Y., & Shankar, P. R. (2020). Critical Evaluation of Drug Advertisements in a Medical College in Lalitpur, Nepal. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 13, 717–725. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s259708
Singaraju, M., Palaian, S., Shankar, P. R., & Shrestha, S. (2020). Safety Profile and Toxicity Amelioration Strategies of Common Adverse Effects Associated with Anticancer Medications. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(11), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1130499
Jha, N., Shrestha, R., Shrestha, S., Bhandary, S., Khadka, A., & Shankar, P. R. (2020). SciPub–019–Getting Your Article Published in Scientific Journals - An Event Report. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 13, 281–286. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s243897
Shankar, P. R. (2020). Medical Humanities in Medical Colleges in India: Travellators and Speed Breakers. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences, 8(1), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.4103/amhs.amhs_70_20
Shankar, P. R. (2020). Drugs Showing Promise Against the COVID-19 virus: A brief Review. i-CARE Bulletin, 1(3), 68–70. https://www.searpharm.org/_files/ugd/d14701_f7cc2c5318924207bf3b344f733462b2.pdf
Shankar, P. R. (2020, May 9). “The Doctor” Revisited During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic. https://www.rhime.in/ojs/index.php/rhime/article/view/313
Overview, challenges and future prospects of drug information services in Nepal: a reflective commentary |
Essential Oils |
Attitudes and practices of community pharmacists and barriers to their participation in public health activities in Yemen: mind the gap |
Strategies for Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance and Promoting Rational Use of Antibiotics |
The Unmet Need for Pharmacists as Important Members of the Emergency Department Team in Resource-Limited Settings: A Case of Nepal |
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Sixth Edition |
Can the Delhi Government’s ‘Mohalla’clinic overcome its challenges and provide quality health services to the urban poor population? |
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Eye Health and Eye Health Services in Nepal |
Development and Evaluation of a Pharmacovigilance Education Module for Medical Students in Nepal. |
Learning Gain using a game improve pharmacology knowledge in two transnational HE institutes |
Perception about Medicines among the General Public in the Semi-rural Areas of Nepal |
Intern |
Twenty Years of Being a Researcher |
Caribbean offshore medical schools-Accreditation and financial challenges |
The use of topical clobetasol among the Women in Hail Region, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study on knowledge and practice |
Uncommon side effects of commonly used anti-diabetics: time to monitor them |
Cinemeducation: Facilitating educational sessions for medical students using the power of movies
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Nepalese National Formulary (NNF) 2018 |
Impact assessment of pharmacovigilance-related educational intervention on nursing students’ knowledge, attitude and practice: a pre-post study |
Book review: How medicines are born – the imperfect science of drugs. |
Eleven years of the health humanities – a personal journey |
Stress and Coping Strategies among Undergraduate Nursing and Medical Students at American International Medical University, St Lucia. |
Effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and perception regarding rational medicine use and self-medication |
Top Ten Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) Trends |
Readiness for self-directed learning among basic science and premedical students at a Caribbean medical school |
Knowledge and practice of self-medication among undergraduate medical students |
Student feedback about the inaugural American International Medical University health humanities module. |
Challenges in conducting small group sessions in pharmacology – a Caribbean perspective. |
Knowledge and perception regarding rational medicine use and responsible self-medication among different stakeholders at Lalitpur. |
A centralized Caribbean Medical University for offshore medical schools – an idea whose time has come? |
Top Ten Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) Trends A booklet review |
Book review: WONCA rural medical education guidebook. |
Self-directed learning in undergraduate medical education. |
Obtaining a clearer perspective on the differently abled: a case study from a Caribbean medical school. |
Perceptioon of community pharmacy personnel towards patient counseling and continuing pharmacy education programs in Aden, Yemen. |
Utilizing the curriculum committee to strengthen teaching-learning in a medical school. |
Readiness for self-directed learning among basic science and premedical students at a Caribbean medical school. |
Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication among undergraduate medical students in a medical school in Western Nepal. |
Effect of the 2015 earthquake on pediatric inpatient pattern at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. |
Misconceptions and Misuse of MEDICINES in Developing Countries |
ISPOR code of ethics 2017 |
Social and administrative aspects of pharmacy in low-and middle-income countries: Present challenges and future solutions |
Pharmacology learning in Nepal and the Caribbean |
Procrastination among basic science undergraduate medical students in a Caribbean medical school |
Experiences of a theatre of the oppressed workshop. |
Brain drain and practice locations of Nepalese medical students. |
Challenges with regard to undergraduate medical education in offshore Caribbean medical schools. |
Comparison of the knowledge and perception of pharmacovigilance among pharmacy, dental and medical students in Aden-Yemen.| |
Three decades of medical school: Journey from a student to an educator. |
Faces of antimicrobial resistance. |
Fact or fiction? What healthcare professionals need to know about pharmaceutical marketing in the European Union. |
My students surprise me every day. |
Procrastination among basic science students in a Caribbean medical school |
Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pharmacovigilance and consumer pharmacovigilance among consumers at Lalitpur district, Nepal |
Medical Students’ Opinions Regarding Possible Influence of Culture and Social Issues on Health Seeking Behavior |
Medicines shortage in Nepal: Problems and possible solutions. |
Medication safety beyond the hospital and role of pharmacists in ambulatory medication safety process |
Role of Zinc in childhood diarrhea management: a case of Nepal. |
Development and evaluation of a voluntary education module on medicine safety for basic science medical students in Nepal. |
Teaching Social Issues in Use of Medicines to Pharmacy Students. |
Effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and attitude regarding pharmacovigilance and consumer pharmacovigilance among community pharmacists in Lalitpur district, Nepal. |
Medication Safety Beyond the Hospital and Role of Pharmacists in Ambulatory Medication Safety Process |
Medical Students' Opinions Regarding Possible Influence of Culture and Social Issues on Health Seeking Behaviour. |
Safety in medication use |
Commentary on Chemotherapy |
Basic Science Medical Student Attitudes toward the Patient-Doctor Relationship |
Uncontrollable medicine prices in Pakistan |
Designing, conducting & publishing research & academic articles–insights from the field |
Self-directed learning during problem-based learning sessions |
Knowledge, perception and practice of self-medication among premedical and basic science undergraduate medical students |
Assessment of knowledge and perceptions toward generic medicines among basic science undergraduate medical students at Aruba |
Responsible use of fixed-dose combination antibiotics in India |
VigiAccess: Promoting public access to VigiBase |
Standardized patient program: Student feedback |
Medical humanities in medical schools in India |
Book review: tackling drug-resistant infections globally |
Book review: Responsible use of medicines–A layman's handbook |
Standardized patient’s views about their role in the teaching-learning process of undergraduate basic science medical students |
An Assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetes Management System in Nepal. |
Promoting rational self. medication of nonsteroidal anti. inflammatory drugs in Nepal |
Can You Grow Grain in Jumla? |
Health humanities
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Book review: Pharmaceutical sector in Yemen
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Always there. |
The best teacher is the one who does not 'teach'! |
Hospital pharmacy services in teaching hospitals in Nepal: challenges and the way forward. |
Comparative Study on Dual and Triple Therapy Using Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
Book review: The Midnight Meal and Other Essays About Doctors, Patients, and Medicine |
Involving a local educator in the Medical Humanities module |
Pharmaceutical sector in Yemen |
The state of the world’s antibiotics 2015 |
Main streaming the medical humanities in a Caribbean medical School |
Student Feedback About the Medical Humanities Module in a Caribbean Medical School. |
Knowledge and perception towards pharmacovigilance among Healthcare professionals in Tertiary care Teaching Hospital in Aden, Yemen |
Knowledge and practice on injection safety among primary health care workers in Kaski District, Western Nepal |
Using movies to strengthen learning of the humanistic aspects of medicine |